Art oei dyeing



Sept. fl, 1928. H

P. MIJER ART OF DYEING Filed Feb. 14, 1924 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Sept. 1 1, 1928. 1,683,687

P. MIJER ART OF DYEING Filed Feb. 14, 1924 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 V *0 g; Q y

anveutoz $331 elf homing I ties, it

Patented Sept. ll, 1928.

w 5 WW YR? rs. ti ltllt .4.) El t PIETER Mirna, or new YORK,

teases? nume a ffr /ma t minaret ul ra N. Y., ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASS GNMENTS, TO THE TWO-TONE CGRPORATION, 03 NE YQBK, N. Y., A CGRPGRATIOIJ OF NEW YORK.

This iinrention relates to an improved process of and apparatus for coloring or dyeing fabrics, and to an improved colored or dyed fabric Or the like, which isjneterably a textile fabric; while the invention is hereinafter described with reference to the dyeing of silk, which presents special diiiiculwill be obrious that the process is also valuable for dyeing or Lcol ring all kinds of textiles, as well as other articles of every class. v I

in accordance with a preferred embodiment of my improved process, form a cloud or spray ofdye or coloring matter mixed with air or other suitable vapor, the coloring matter being suspended in the cloud in finelv atomized condition, and T bring this cloud into such proximity with the material being colored that it recoil-es the finelydivided particles coming from this cloud, While protecting the material from the direct action of the atomizingz spray, whereby the material is evenly colored throughout its entire surface. 'By prot ct ngr or shielding the material from the coloring; matter which falls in the form of drops at the spray from which the'cloud is formed. we avoid the possibility of spotting of the material which would render it unsuitable for commercial use. 7

Tie material is exposed to this even or lmmogeneous deposition of minute particles of coloring matter from the cloud until it is dyed on the exposed surface to the desired extent, after which the material from proxin'iity wIth the cloud.

I prefer to arrange so that the dye does not penetrate entirely or beyond a determined extent, so that the material. can be colored one color on one side, and another color, or another shade of the same color. on theother side. To this end, the material after it has been dyed by subjectiug it to the 'a-c on of a cloud of atomized coloring matter in suspension. is turned over l-subiccted to the action of a cloud dfii'erent coloring: matter: in both cases important that the dye should actually to have penetrated the fibres or of the material, after the oeration. described below. ln the iorinof the inrentioi, the process onto a point where the ..:;erial is l on is surface. but the lye J. (be. "r a is removed through the material,

ART OF DYEING.

Application filed February 14, 1924. Serial No. 692,762.

place to a substantial extent, so that the pre ferred fabric is, in actual fact, after steamg, dyed fabric. and not merely a fabric avine' a coating of coloring matter. On the t er h and. when dyeing the fabric on both t important to avoid the penetraon the dye through the entire thickness of he fabric; to this end, the fabric itself hould be dry, and if it is not dry, it should be subjected to a drying operation, which may take place eith before or even during the time th -t the material is subjected to the action of tee cloud of atomized dye. The process is of part cular value in connection with the dyeing of silk, and I find that if the a l: is ma ntained in a dry condition, even the very .iliiQSt tulles can be dyed successfully on both sides thereof. Silks made in accordance with t is form of the present 'ocess are penetrated to a substantial exbelow the surface, but notv to such an nt that the dye on one side passes to the he dyeing of the fab- 131V tare place in a suitable dyeing cham nd it is in some cases preferable to ue fabricbefore dyeing it.

atus employed for carrying out the process of the invention, in accordance with the preferred form thereof, comprises means for producing a spray to form a cloud of dye, means for confining said cloud and means for shielding the material from said spray while the material is in proximity with said cloud.

In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, the same will now be described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, which is illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings, in which: 7

Figure l is av section of one unit of the improved dyeing apparatus taken along the line ll of Figure 2;

v Figure 2 is a longitudinal section along the line 22 of Figure 1. a

I Figure 3 represents diagrammatically and in elevation, certain apparatus which may be successively used in carrying out the pro,- cess.

Figure lis an enlarged diagrammatic cross-section of a piece of material colored in accordance with the process.

Referring to the drawings, it will beseen that 10 represents a table bearing thereon removable support ll upon which the i aterial 12 to he dyed is plac d.- ilhe mate i of 5' by suitable thumb tacks.

the table and encloses the cloud of atomfrom this spray will be controlled by the ized' dyeing matter held in suspension] '14 represents an air-brush of well-known char- !0 acter, such as a \Vold airbrush, con

' i of liquid dye.

nected to a tank or othei source of compres sed and the tank 16 or other source 17 a shield running longitudinallyof the hood and dividing; it into "two chambers, the spray chamber (01-) and the 'eloud chamberlb), the shield f te rposed between the spray the support 1 1' onfwhich the materials is su i ].l36d and lie spection, and the insei-tion and withdrawal iot the supportll and the material thereon,

' and the removal of the trough 19. It will be noted earths lower portionot the shield,

"3 fornis this tr oue'hijlt, which is slightly inl cli edas seen inJFigure 2, so should the eol'ori'iig nia tter collect in this trough in any quaiaa ;a an be drawn oil through the 20. It is to be particularly noted that the" r0of of the hood'13 has curvedportions (ill Pill

'2liii order to sliape the cloud of atomized dye to predetermined form, thereby assisting in insuring an even for hon'iogrenous coloring of the material.

Fri lhe' dyein liquid form is contained in the container '16 and inthe form of air-brush here illustrated, it is dr'a wn into the nozzle by aspiratioi'i, but it will be'obyious that the dye be fedinto the airbrush"in any lis i'al inanner, a sby qrayity,'for example. 'The liquid 'dyeis prepared. in, the same manner asi for the usual "vat dyeing}; processes, lexce'pt that tliesoliition is considerably more concentrated; The degree of concentration de ends in 3011 the final tint of colo'i"desired' .L i 7 for example; 'I hai e obtained good'results "with thuse of a half ounce to oneounce ,of thedye, to quartet, the other liquid con- "s'tituents of the dyein f'mikture. The airb"rush 14. iS PI OVidGd with the usual needle valve 22 forregulatinij the e):-

"1tent of orifice thereof, and a yal've 23 is provided in the linebetween the ,air-brushand ulating 'vali e' 23 being"*preterably' supplied at a pressure of about 30 pounds. In most cases thi's regulation will. besutiieie nt, but it may also be desirable to provide for the further regulation of the quantity otthe dye v 1' I 't' l ocing iiip I tliat, the point oi formation 0t this cloud operatorian'd that he can determine with exactitude the conditions obtaining in the spray; as a conseqence, the cloud termed operator as to its pressure and density, and it is iiurther controlled as to its shape by the shapeot the hood; it is further controlled as to the quantity of dye present in proportion to the quantity of air present, and represents a substantially homogeneous mass of o remely line particlesof liquid dye heldin suspension in the air[ It is to be noted is iii front of; the spray, which spray is not directed on to the fabriqbut on the contrary, is shielded. from the tabricbymcans of the shield 17 which prevents thje coloring matter from coming into contact with the fabric directly from the mouth ot the airbrush, or in the form of a spray in other words, the tabric 1S not sub ected to ljhe direct action ot the a r-brush spray itself,

'or to the droppings or spattering of the ain brush, but only to the action of thelcljoud. The cloud can be controlled, and also held substantially uniform, as a result of which the conditions ex sting in the dye chamber can be maintained substantially constant during theoperation of the process.-

I iind it advantageous to provide curyed guide portions .24 loeatedatthe side and at the end of the trough opposite ilODLlllat 'whicli supports the air-bush, which serve as guides to the particles in the formation ot the cloud.

l l Vliile I have here illustrated only oneairbrush, it will be apparent that any suitable number of such brushes maybe employed as, is desired, and that these may be arranged in any suitable or convenient location.

A preferred operation of the improved method and apparatus will now be described with i'eierencewith reference to the drawings and including the: diagram of Figure 3.

I Thesilk is first dried, it it is not already dry enough, by being placed in a suitable heating chamber C where it may be heated to ,theulesired extent. .Thesupport 11 with the material 12 thereon is placed inthe cluimber B, and suhjectedto the action of the cloud, which cloud is maintained by the continuousoperation of the air-brush during the dyeing process. Once the cloud has been 'liorined, and is being maintained, itis not i ecessai yto stop the operation of the air-brush after the piece of material has been colored to the desired extent, as this piece of material can be withdrawn, and another piece of material placed in the dyeing chain her through the right-hand door 18. The

slight disturbance of the cloud caused by the opening of the door 18 is not sufficient to materially affect the coloring operation. The extent of penetration of the dye into the fabric depends upon the length of time the material remains within the chamber, the amount of dye in the spray, and the nature of the dye. Complete penetration can be effected by leaving itin long enough, but if it is not desired to penetrate more than a predetermined amount, as will be the case where the process is employed for coloring articles on both sides, which appears to be one of the most valuable uses of the process, the mate rial will be removedfrom the dyeing chamber before the penetration of the dye has exceeded a desired point, and thereafter it may be dyed on the opposite side thereof by placing it in a second apparatus similar to the apparatus just described, as illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 3, wherein E represents the apparatus for dyeing a piece of fabric one color, for example, blue, while F is the apparatus for dyeing the material with a second color on the opposite side thereof; in. this same diagram G represents an intermediate apparatus for heating or drying the material after it has passed through the first dyeing chamber, and D a steaming apparatus for steaming the fabric to set the dye, after it has been placed on the second chamber F, and colored thereon on the other side thereof. As illustrated in Figure l in diagrammatic cross-section, the materials or silk colored in accordance with the present invention presents the characteristic that the dye penetrates the surface to a substantial extent, and this extent is preferably so predetermined that in thecase of light fabrics, the penetration on both sides is substantially equal to a full dyeing of the material for example, the upper surface of,

the fabric, which is here shown diagrammatically on a highly magnified scale, is penetrated with a dye to the extent indicated by the shaded lines 24, whilethe other side is penetrated by a different dye to the extent indicated by the lines 25. It will be apparent that in many instances, the inter-penetration of the dyes will be such as to provide at some intermediate point in the fabric a zone where both dyes intermingle as shown by the crosshatching at the left-hand side of said figure.

It will be apparent from this description of my improved process that the silk is not in all cases merely coated, but is actually penetrated by the dye to such an extent, that the silk possesses highly desirable qualities and compares with silk ordinarily in use; the color will not come out after fixing to any substantially greater extent than is the case with the ordinary fabrics now dyed in vats, and the fabric presents on each surface an homogeneously and differently colored face. which makes it possible to employ the fabric for a large variety of commercial purposes;

for example, lamp shades, ladies blouses, in which the collars and cuffs are formed by turning over the material, umbrellas and other uses.

It will be noted that in accordance with the preferred manner of carrying out the process, the material is steamed in the usual steaming apparatus after having been dyed on both sides, so as to set the dyes; the fabric is otherwise treated in the manner usual in the dyeing art. While the form and density of the cloud will vary according to the dye employed, and the nature of the material, I

have obtained good results in accordance with this invention by using a Wold type of air-brush to produce a cloud of line particles with an air pressure of about 30 pounds, operating in a chamber one yard wide, one yard long and one yard high, to dye yard lengths of fabric.

It will be apparent that, if desired, a stenoil 26 (shown in dotted lines, Fig. 1) can be placed over the material 12 in order to secure the imprint of a design thereon, and that this design may be printed in colors if positive and negative stencils. are used, in which case, becomes necessary to provide a third or fourth dyeing chamber according to whether three or four colors are to be employed. In

such case the part which is colored in the first coloring chamber 15 protected by a stenoil in the second coloring chamber, and the material is then colored on the other side in the manner described above.

will be apparent that the extile fabric made in accordance with my invention differs from other fabrics of a similar character, in the following respects:

(a The surface of my improved dyed fabric is evenly colored, or homogeneously colored, that is to say, the colored surface does not appear to the eye as a large num ber of small specks of color, but as an evenly colored surface, similar as to its evenness to the surface resulting from the ordinary vat dye processes;

(Z2) Threads in the fibre which run from one surface 0 the other, are colored one color near and at one surface, and the other color near and at the other surface. so that a continuous cross-thread. if taken out of the fabric, will be found to be made up of a number of different colored portions; in this respect the fabric differs essentially from the welhknown doublewoven fabric, made up of different colored interwovei'i threads, now on the market, and which presents different colors on different sides: each thread of said double-woven fabric is all of one color and is dyed before weaving, in contradistinction to threads dyed by my process, as described above, after weav' 1g has been effected. it being understood that my invention applies to the dying of all classes of fabrics, including the ordinary l to single-weave fabrics, as well as to doubleuveave fabrics, such as referred to above.

It is one of the important advantages of thepresent invention that it provides a process and apparatus by which the dyeing of the fabric or other material can be car ried on without drops of liquid in insufliciently atomized condition being deposited on the -.br.ic. For example, '11) making twofabric dyed in different colors or dilferei shades of the same color on the two sioes. the mass or cloud of finely atomized dye solution is nonspotting; in other words, the cloud does not containdrops of sulli nt size to fall on the fabric and 'icrm vis 2 spots of color, or to soak through so that a spot appears on the other nor are other spots formed which spoil tie cloth for commercial purposes. since any drops in the cloud which are large enough to form such spots or blotches fall by gravity into the trough 19. Thus the apparatus presents in effect a separating zone in the/chamber A above the trough 19, and a dyeing zone in the chamber B move the fabric, which dye'ng zone contains only the finely atomized particles of the dye in true cloud form, which particl s are so small that when they are deposited upon the fabric they form a dc sirable color surface of suiliciently homogeneous appearance to present a pleasing of feet, of commercially utilizable value. Fun thermore, it is to be noted that drops forming upon the walls of the aforesaid appa ratus as the result of particles condensing on the walls thereof, do not fall upon the fabric but pass down onto the bottom of the chamber B. The support 11 not only serves to hold the material flat and without wrinkles. but it also protects the under sun face of the material from the action of the color cloud by raising the material above the bottom of the chamber in which liquid c mdensing on the side walls and floor can collect.

While the invention. has been described herein with reference to a preferred embtulimcnt, it will be obvious that the methtone fabric, that is od, tuniarat-us and product may be varied through a wide range without departing from the spirit of the invention and the ambit of the claims which follow. In partiar, the process lends itself to numerous inuistrial applications, especially where emplo ed in conjunction with stencils, as for ample, in the manufacture of wallpaper, rugs and other articles having a pattern surface.

While I have described this process with reference to the coloring of materials, it will be apparent that it applies to any case where it is desired to apply liquid ma evenly to a surface exposed thereto and that the invention is not to be limited to the art of dying or coloring materials or objects.

It is further to be understood that while I. have described my process with reference to the penetration of the dye into the fibres of the material, it can be also employed for surface coating materials and objects with liquid colors or the other liquids.

ll bat I claim is:

1. Process of applying liquid coloring matter imiformly to textile materials, com.- prising atomizing the liquid coloring matter iu'ider control, accumulating said atomized liquid matter to form a homogeneous cloud of minute particles and locating the material beneath the cloud and exposing it thereto whereby only non-spotting particles of the liquid are deposited on such material.

2. Process of applying liquid coloringmatter to textile material, comprising forming of the liquid coloring mattera cloud composed entirely of minute non-spotting particles, and exposing the textile material to contact with such cloud.

Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising atomi'icing the liquid coloring matter and exposing the textile material to the atomized-coloring material while preventing contact with par ticles large enough to spot the material.

4-. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising atomizing the liquid coloring matter at one 10- cality and after removing the largerparti' cles from the spray thus produccd'passing to another locality the remaining fine particles, and there exposing the textile material to said fine particles.

5. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising spraying the coloring matter by atomization, ac-

cumulating the fine particles of the spray, exposing the textile material to said cloud of fine particles while shielding thematerial from the spray, spraying by atomization a coloring matter of differentcolor to form a cloud, withdrawing the textile fabric from said first mentioned cloud, and exposing the other side of the textile material to the last mentioned cloud of fine particles while shielding the material from the spray from which such cloud was produced.

7. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising spraying the coloring matter by atomization and separating from. the spraythus produced the finer particles to form a substantially homogeneous cloud, and subjecting the textile material to said cloud.

8. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising atomizing the coloring matter at one locality wherein relatively large particles are separated from the minute particles produced by the atomization, and passing the resulting cloud of minute particles to another locality, and in the latter exposing the material to the cloud.

9. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising sepa' rately atomizing liquid coloring matters, and from the sprays thus produced forming separate clouds of fine particles devoid of spotting particles, and exposing one side of the textile material to one of said clouds and the other side to the other cloud, while shielding the material from the sprays which form said clouds.

10. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising separately atomizing liquid coloring matters, and from the sprays thus produced forming separate clouds of fine particles devoid of spotting particles, exposing one side of the textile material to one of said clouds and the other side to the other cloud, while shielding the material from the sprays which form said clouds, and drying the textile material before each of said exposures.

11. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising forming of the coloring matter a homogeneous cloud of minute non-spotting particles, and exposing the material to the cloud for deposition of minute. particles.

12. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising forming of the coloring matter a homogeneous cloud of minute non-spotting particles, and

- exposing the material, in a substantially dry state,t0 said cloud for deposition'of minute particles upon the surface of the material.

18. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising forming a non-spotting cloud of predetermined density, composed of minute particles of the liquid coloring matter, and subjecting the textile material thereto for deposition of such minute particles.

14; Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile material, comprising forming of the coloring matter a homo eneous dense cloud of minute non-spotting particles, confining said cloud and exposing the mate- .rial beneath the cloud for the deposition of minuteparticles from said cloud thereon.

15. Process ofapplyin'g coloring matter to textile'material, comprising forming a cloud containing such matter :in finely divided form and devoid of drops capable of spotform and devoid of ting the textile material, heating the textile material, and thereafter exposing the material to the cloud. I

16. Process of applying colorin matter to textile material, comprising forming a cloud containing such matter in finely divided particles sufiicient in size to spot the material, exposing the material to the cloud for deposition of fine particles of coloring matter, and thereafter steaming the material to set the dye.

' 17. Process of applying liquid coloring matter to textile materials, comprising atomizing the liquid coloring matter and from the spray thus produced forming a cloud devoid of spotting particles, exposing the textile material to the cloud without exposing it to the spray, and steaming the material after such exposure to set the dye.

18. Process of applying different coloring matter tothe opposite sides of textile material, comprising forming non-spotting clouds composed of fine particles of the different coloring matter, exposing one side of the tex-- tile material to one cloud for partial penetrat-ion of the material by deposition of cloud particles, and similarly exposing the other side of the material to the other cloud, whereby both sides are uniformly colored Without spotting and without complete penetration.

19. Process of dyeing permeable textile fabric, comprising exposing the fabric beneath av cloud of dye solution in finely atomized condition and withdrawing the fabric from exposure to the cloud before the dye solution has passed from one surface of the fabric to the'other surface thereof;

20. Process of dyeing textile fabrics, com prising dyeing the fabric by exposing it beloo neath a cloud of atomized dye solution made up of extremely minute particles Without drops, and thereafter setting the dye by a steaming operation.

21. Process of dyeing textile fabrics com prising exposing the fabric to a cloud of dye solution in afinely atomized condition without drops and Withdrawing the fabric from exposure to the cloud before the coloring matter has passed from one surface of the fabric to the other surface thereof, and

thereafter setting the dye by asteaming operation.

22. The method of coloring materials, consisting in forming a cloud of substantially homogeneous matter, heating the material and exposing it to the action of said cloud.

23. The method of coloring materials which consists in forming two clouds of different atomized dyes, drying the material and exposing one side thereof to one cloud, again drying the material and exposing the other side to the other cloud, and steaming the material to set the dyes.

24. The method of coloring materials conill tiallypenetrate the thickness of the tabric oneither side thereof.

27.7 Method ot dyeing consisting in termlIlgILlJllll'flllllY of clouds ot dye and sub ecting exposed surfaces ol 'a heated material.

to said clouds. V I

28'; Method of dyeing consisting in 21p 1 in a linid d e to one side of a heated P y a fabric, then applying a liquid dye to the other sideof the heated fabric, and treating thefabric to set the dye;

29 Apparatusrfor coloring textile fabrics, comprising an atomizing chamber, a cloud chamber communicating with the former a source of coloring matter, means for atomizing said coloring matter in said atomizing chamber'to form a cloud in said communieating cloudchamber, and means for supporting the fabrieto be colored in said cloud chamber. a

30. Coloring apparatus comprising a pair o't 'communicating chambers a source ot coloring matter,,meansin one of said chambers to atomize said coloring matter, id other chamber confining a cloud of atomized coloring matter, and means within said other chamber tosupport the material to be colored. V i

31QApparatus for coloring materials, in-

- eluding cloud chamber, means for filling the samew th a non-spotting cloud ot colormg matter, said cloud chamber dcterminmg the dimensions of the cloud contained therein, and means for supporting the material within said cloud chambcr.-

32'. Apparatus for coloring materials by means of a cloud of atomised coloring matter, comprising an archedhood for the cloud chamber to shape the cloud therein.

33,. Apparatus for colorin materials, said; apparatus including a table to receive the; material, 'an atomizing means, a hood covering fsaid atomizing means and a table, and a shield dividing said hood into two communicating chambers and protecting the .material'fromctherdirect action otthe air brush.

34. Apparatus for dyeing fabric on both sides, comprising; means for forming two homogeneous controlled non-spotting clouds of atomized color for dyeing the fabric, and

interim-:diate drying means for drying the fabric after it has been dyed on one side.

Apparatus for coloring textile fabrics comprising an atomizing chamber, a cloud chamber cmninunicating with the former, a

source of coloring matter, means for atomizing such coioring matter in said atomizing chamber to term acloud in said communicating cloud chamber, and means for supporting the fabric to be colored in said'" means for enclosin said cloud and means" for supporting. the -mater1al "to be treated within said cloud-enclosing means.

37.'Apparatus tor coloring textiles, comprising means for atomlzlng coloring material; means providing a separating zone for the atomized coloring matter in which said atomizmg'means is located a chamber com municatingjwith the separating zone; and

means for supporting the, materiahto be colored withm said chamber.

38. Apparatus for dyeingtabiics on both sides thereof, comprising a plurality"of" chambers; cloud generating means communicatingwith said chambers to generate" clouds of atomized coloring, matter'the' par? ticles of which aresubstantiallyall minute and withoutdrops; and drying-means intermediate sald cloud chambers.

39".Appar'atus for-dyeing textiles, com

prising a chamber, means for'generating a non-spotting cloud of dye to be enclosed by said chamber, and mea'ns for"supporting the fabric to be dyed within saidchamberfsaid chamber being provided with side" walls spaced away from the support for the ma terial.

40. App aratus for coloring or dyeing te'x tiles, comprising a dyeing chamber, means for generating a non spottin'g 1 cloudofdye to be enclosed-by said. chamber, meansfor supporting the fabric to be dyed in: said chamber, and means forrholding'the fabric fiatwhile exposing itto. said cloud.

all. Apparatus .for coloring materials;

comprising a dye; chanrher and means for generating a non-spotting dye cloud-to be enclosed by'said chamber; said means ineluding an atomizingdeviee, a dyetank a source of pressure medmm wlth controlling -1 means for controlling the supply 'ofipres sure medium to the atomizing' device, means for controlling the supply of dye to the: atomizingdevlce, and means forsupporting the fabric within the chamber.

42. Apparatus forcoloring mat i l comprising a dye chamber-,means for gencrating a non-spotting cloudthereinr comfabrics which consists in aartiall nenetrat ing a thin permeable textile fabric with minute particles of atomized dye liquid distributed substantia ly evenly over one of the surfaces tnereof to form a substantially even color ground on one side of said fabric. 44. The process of piece-dyeing textile fabrics which consists in partially penetrating a thin permeable textile fabric with.

. minute particles of atomized dye liquid distributed substantially evenly over one of. the surfaces thereof to form a substantially even color ground, and thereafter steaming the fabric for a sufiicient length of time to set the dye.

45. The process which consists in partial- 1y penetrating a thin permeable textile fab ric with minute particles of atomizer dye liquid distributed substantially evenly over one of the surfaces thereof to form a substantially even color ground, and thereafter partially penetrating said fabric from the other side thereof with minute particles of atomized dye liquid distributed substantial-- 1y evenly over the opposite surface thereof to form a substantially even color ground on said opposite surface.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification.

PIETER MIJER. 

